More and more patients are hearing the words "regenerative medicine", but don't know what this actually means in terms of their care. Dr. Trevor Bullock, Primary Care Sports Medicine physician within the Orthopaedic Institute, is one of NorthShore's experts on the use of this innovative form of therapy in orthopaedics, and he answers some common questions below:

How do intense workouts or repetitive exercise sometimes lead to injury?
Overuse injuries are very common in orthopaedics. If a repetitive activity is performed for a prolonged period of time, it can result in mechanical fatigue of tendons, ligaments, neural and soft tissue. This can result in characteristic changes of the integrity of the tissue depending on their individual properties. The fatigue is thought to initially lead to adaptations of these tissues. As the tissues attempt to adapt to the demands placed on them, they can sustain injury unless they have appropriate time to heal. The rate of injury simply exceeds the rate of adaptation and healing in the tissue.

What is regenerative medicine?
Regenerative medicine in orthopaedics is a field that focuses on non-surgical treatments that enable your own adult stem cells to repair injured tissues, reduce inflammation and help reduce pain. During the procedure, we extract stem cells and blood platelets, concentrate the cells and then inject them into an injured area of the body. The procedure helps stimulate healing and speed repair for bone, muscle, joint, soft tissue and nerve injuries. 

What types of orthopaedic patients are recommended for this type of therapy?
These treatments are especially useful for patients who have acute injuries, as well as patients with chronic injuries who have not responded to traditional treatments such as anti-inflammatory medications, cortisone injections, physical therapy or even surgery. Regenerative medicine can help a number of common conditions such as arthritis, tendinitis/tendinosis, joint pain of all types, sports injuries, ligament sprains, plantar fasciitis and compression nerve injuries.

What are stem cells and what role do they play in the treatment process?
Stem cells are immature cells, and can regenerate into the type of cell that is needed to repair tissue when injected into an injured area. There are several different kinds of stem cells. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are found in bone marrow and fat tissue, and have the strongest potential to repair muscle, bone, joint and soft tissue injuries. These cells have the ability to self-replicate, reduce inflammation and help the body regenerate the lost tissue in the injured area.

How is stem cell injection therapy done? How long does this procedure typically take?
After adequate local anesthesia, stem cells are extracted from the pelvis bone and/or fat tissue, and then concentrated in a centrifuge. Using an ultrasound for targeted placement, the sample is then injected at the site of injury. It’s very similar to a steroid injection. All of this is done in the office in one visit and takes a little more than an hour to perform

How does this therapy compare to traditional treatments like surgery?
Regenerative treatments are non-surgical and have a quick recovery. Generally, patients will be a little sore for 48-72 hours after the treatment, and can get back to normal daily activities after this period of time. Patients can return to most forms of exercise in 3-4 weeks.

What’s next for regenerative medicine? Are there any plans to expand this treatment to more conditions?
Active research is currently being performed all across the world on stem cell treatments for various medical and orthopedic conditions. As more data is gathered, physicians will determine how best to optimize results for the best outcome.